What is Modal Interchange
Modal interchange  also called borrowed chords modal mixture or mixed 
modes  is a compositional device in which composers add unexpected 
harmonic colors by borrowing chords from a parallel mode The most common 
application is the appearance of chords from the parallel minor in the 
context of a major key Because C Ionian and C Aeolian share the same 
tonic their sonorities can be interchanged quite naturally  a composer 
can use chords from C minor in the context of C major without preparation 
or awkwardness More advanced examples draw on other parallel modes beyond 
just the natural minor The result is a significantly expanded harmonic 
palette that moves well beyond the familiar and limited sound of purely 
diatonic chords.

The most frequently used borrowed chords in a major key come from the 
parallel natural minor or Aeolian mode In C major these are the minor 
IV chord F minor the major bVI chord Ab major and the major bVII 
chord Bb major Additional borrowed chords available in C major include 
the minor I chord Cm the major bIII chord Eb the minor V chord Gm 
the halfdiminished II chord D7 and the fully diminished VII chord 
B7 In practice several borrowed chords from the parallel minor 
function exactly like their diatonic counterparts  IV can be replaced 
with IVm IIm7 with II7 V with Vm VIm with bVI and VII7 with VII7 
without any other adaptation or preparation creating striking new colors 
within otherwise familiar progressions.

Blood Sweat and Tears formed in New York City in 1967 with the goal of 
combining jazz sophistication with rock energy Their selftitled second 
album featuring the hit single Spinning Wheel won the Grammy Award for 
Album of the Year The excerpt in C major features a stepwise descent 
from tonic to dominant through borrowed chords from the parallel minor  
moving I to bVII to bVI to V This descending progression through bVII 
and bVI borrowed from C Aeolian creates a cinematic dramatic momentum 
that diatonic harmony alone cannot achieve with each chord pulling 
downward toward the dominant resolution.

The Days of Wine and Roses written by Henry Mancini with lyrics by 
Johnny Mercer appeared in the 1962 film of the same title earning an 
Academy Award for Best Original Song and Grammy Awards for Record of the 
Year and Song of the Year The Ray Brown Trio recording in F major 
contains borrowed chords IVm6 and bVII7 in measures seven and eight 
drawn from the parallel minor The Eb711 in measure two may appear 
to be a borrowed chord but is better understood as a tritone substitution 
resolving to D7 in measure four The movement from IVm7 to bVII9 to I 
is a common jazz progression known as the backdoor iiV or simply the 
backdoor progression  a particularly smooth and sophisticated application 
of modal interchange that resolves to the tonic from an unexpected 
harmonic direction.

The Jackson 5 recorded Never Can Say Goodbye in 1970 with lead vocals 
by an elevenyearold Michael Jackson Written by Clifton Davis the 
song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the 
Billboard RB Charts The excerpt in D major represents a more advanced 
application of modal interchange  drawing on chords from D Dorian 
D Lydian and D Phrygian before resolving back to D Ionian This 
movement across three parallel modes within a single progression 
demonstrates that modal interchange is not limited to borrowing from 
the parallel minor alone but can draw on the full spectrum of parallel 
modes for harmonic color.

For beginners approaching modal interchange the simplest entry point 
is identifying which melody notes have the greatest compatibility with 
borrowed chords In C major the note C appears naturally in all 
parallel modes providing the greatest number of borrowed chord options 
when C is the melody note The notes F and G are also common to most 
parallel modes of C making them strong candidates for reharmonization 
with borrowed chords By contrast the note B is only found in C Lydian 
and C Ionian severely limiting borrowed chord options when B is the 
melody note A useful technique is sidestepping or parallel chords  
where a borrowed chord resolves with each voice moving down a half step 
in parallel chromatic motion as when AbGb precedes GF with all notes 
descending a half step The backdoor progression  IVm7 to bVII9 to I 
 is a particularly common and smooth jazz application of modal 
interchange drawn from the parallel Aeolian mode.

Modal interchange is valuable beyond songwriting and composition For 
gigging musicians in cover bands familiarity with the sound of common 
borrowed chords enables faster learning of songs by ear  recognizing 
that an unexpected chord is a borrowed bVI or bVII rather than a 
modulation resolves harmonic confusion immediately Jazz musicians use 
modal interchange alongside other reharmonization techniques to 
personalize their repertoire of jazz standards replacing diatonic 
chords with borrowed alternatives to create fresh harmonic colors within 
familiar melodic contexts The skill of hearing modal interchange in 
real music  rather than only understanding it theoretically  develops 
through deliberate listening to the examples above and actively 
identifying borrowed chords in recordings.

Modal interchange is the practice of borrowing chords from parallel 
modes to expand harmonic color beyond diatonic limitations The most 
common borrowed chords in major keys are IVm bVI and bVII from the 
parallel natural minor which can replace their diatonic counterparts 
without preparation More advanced applications draw on Dorian Lydian 
Phrygian and Locrian parallel modes for additional colors The backdoor 
progression  IVm7 to bVII9 to I  is a particularly smooth jazz 
application Modal interchange appears across genres from classic rock 
Blood Sweat and Tears jazz Days of Wine and Roses and soul Never 
Can Say Goodbye demonstrating its universal harmonic value For 
songwriters it expands the chord palette significantly for performers 
it accelerates learning by ear for jazz musicians it enables 
personalized reharmonization of standards.

Model Interchange as Color
The Spectrum of Harmonic Light and Shadow

Think of these parallel borrowings not just as chord swaps but as adjusting the lighting on a stage You are starting in the Neutral Daylight of the Major key and using these modes to shift the atmosphere
1 The Lydian Golden Hour The Brightest Lift.

The Substitution II7 for IImin7 eg D7 in C Major
Lydian is the brightest of all traditional modes When you borrow that Major II chord you are injecting a sense of wonder and upward momentum Its the sound of a movie protagonist seeing the ocean for the first time It feels ethereal optimistic and slightly outside
2 The Mixolydian Bluesy Sunset Relaxed  Soulful.

The Substitution VIImaj7 for VIImin75 eg Bbmaj7 in C Major
Mixolydian softens the leading tone of the key By using the VII you remove the tension of the B diminished chord and replace it with a relaxed grooving stability This is the bedrock of classic rock and jam musicit feels grounded expansive and effortlessly cool
3 The Dorian Moonlight Sophisticated Mystery.

The Substitution IV7 for IVmaj7 eg F7 in C Major
Dorian is the bridge between light and dark Borrowing the IV7 the Oye Como Va chord adds a soulful jazzy grit It doesnt feel sad like a minor key but it doesnt feel naive like a major key Its the sound of an urban nightsophisticated rhythmic and slightly mysterious
4 The Aeolian Storm Clouds Epic Drama.

The Substitution VImaj7 or IIImaj7 eg Abmaj7 or Ebmaj7 in C Major
Now we are moving into the True Minor territory These chords provide the massive cinematic weight found in power ballads and hard rock The VI Abmaj7 in particular feels like a sudden shift in the windits dramatic heavy and carries a sense of gravity and grand scale
5 The Phrygian Eclipse The Darkest Depth.

The Substitution IImaj7 for IImin7 eg Dbmaj7 for Dmin7
This is the most extreme shift The II is exotic tense and almost uncomfortably dark It creates a sense of immediate danger or ancient mystery When you hear this in a song like Becks Bolero its the moment the sun disappears behind the clouds and the atmosphere becomes thick and heavy.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Cmin7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example F7 for Fmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Dbmaj7 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Bbmin7 for Bmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example D7 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Gmin7 for G7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Bbmaj7 for Bmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Cmin7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Dmin7b5 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Ebmaj7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Fmin7 for Fmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Gmin7 for G7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Abmaj7 for Amin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example Bb7 for Bmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Cmin7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example F7 for Fmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Dmaj7 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Bmin7 for Bmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example D7 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Gmin7 for G7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Bmaj7 for Bmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Cmin7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Dmin7b5 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Emaj7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Fmin7 for Fmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Gmin7 for G7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Amaj7 for Amin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of C major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example B7 for Bmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Dbmin7 for Dbmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example Gb7 for Gbmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Ebbmaj7 for Ebmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Cbmin7 for Cmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example Eb7 for Ebmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Abmin7 for Ab7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Cbmaj7 for Cmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Dbmin7 for Dbmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Ebmin7b5 for Ebmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Fbmaj7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Gbmin7 for Gbmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Abmin7 for Ab7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Bbbmaj7 for Bbmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Db major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example Cb7 for Cmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Dmin7 for Dmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example G7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Ebmaj7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Cmin7 for Cmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example E7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Amin7 for A7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Cmaj7 for Cmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Dmin7 for Dmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Emin7b5 for Emin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Fmaj7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Gmin7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Amin7 for A7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Bbmaj7 for Bmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example C7 for Cmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Dmin7 for Dmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example G7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Emaj7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Cmin7 for Cmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example E7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Amin7 for A7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Cmaj7 for Cmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Dmin7 for Dmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Emin7b5 for Emin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Fmaj7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Gmin7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Amin7 for A7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Bmaj7 for Bmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of D major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example C7 for Cmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Ebmin7 for Ebmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example Ab7 for Abmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Fbmaj7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Dbmin7 for Dmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example F7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Bbmin7 for Bb7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Dbmaj7 for Dmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Ebmin7 for Ebmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Fmin7b5 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Gbmaj7 for Gmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Abmin7 for Abmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Bbmin7 for Bb7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Cbmaj7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Eb major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example Db7 for Dmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Emin7 for Emaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example A7 for Amaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Fmaj7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Dmin7 for Dmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example F7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Bmin7 for B7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Dmaj7 for Dmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Emin7 for Emaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Fmin7b5 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Gmaj7 for Gmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Amin7 for Amaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Bmin7 for B7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Cmaj7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of E major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example D7 for Dmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Fmin7 for Fmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example Bb7 for Bbmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Gbmaj7 for Gmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Ebmin7 for Emin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example G7 for Gmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Cmin7 for C7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Ebmaj7 for Emin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Fmin7 for Fmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Gmin7b5 for Gmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Abmaj7 for Amin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Bbmin7 for Bbmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Cmin7 for C7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Dbmaj7 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of F major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example Eb7 for Emin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Gbmin7 for Gbmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example Cbb7 for Cbmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Abbmaj7 for Abmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Fmin7 for Fmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example Ab7 for Abmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Dbmin7 for Db7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Fbmaj7 for Fmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Gbmin7 for Gbmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Abmin7b5 for Abmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Bbbmaj7 for Bbmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Cbbmin7 for Cbmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Dbbmin7 for Db7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Ebbbmaj7 for Ebmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Gb major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example F7 for Fmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Gmin7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example C7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Abmaj7 for Amin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Fmin7 for Fmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example A7 for Amin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Dmin7 for D7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Fmaj7 for Fmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Gmin7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Amin7b5 for Amin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Bbmaj7 for Bmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Cmin7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Dmin7 for D7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Ebmaj7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example F7 for Fmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Gmin7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example C7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Amaj7 for Amin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Fmin7 for Fmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example A7 for Amin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Dmin7 for D7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Fmaj7 for Fmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Gmin7 for Gmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Amin7b5 for Amin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Bmaj7 for Bmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Cmin7 for Cmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Dmin7 for D7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Emaj7 for Emin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of G major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example F7 for Fmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Abmin7 for Abmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example Db7 for Dbmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Bbbmaj7 for Bbmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Gmin7 for Gmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example Bb7 for Bbmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Ebmin7 for Eb7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Gbmaj7 for Gmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Abmin7 for Abmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Bbmin7b5 for Bbmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Cbmaj7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Dbmin7 for Dbmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Ebmin7 for Eb7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Fbmaj7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Ab major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example Gb7 for Gmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Amin7 for Amaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example D7 for Dmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Bbmaj7 for Bmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Gmin7 for Gmin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example B7 for Bmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Emin7 for E7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Gmaj7 for Gmin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Amin7 for Amaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Bmin7b5 for Bmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Cmaj7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Dmin7 for Dmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Emin7 for E7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Fmaj7 for Fmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of A major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example G7 for Gmin7b5.

From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Bbmin7 for Bbmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example Eb7 for Ebmaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Cbmaj7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Abmin7 for Amin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example C7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Fmin7 for F7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Abmaj7 for Amin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Bbmin7 for Bbmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Cmin7b5 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Dbmaj7 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Ebmin7 for Ebmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Fmin7 for F7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Gbmaj7 for Gmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of Bb major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example Ab7 for Amin7b5.


From Parallel Dorian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Bmin7 for Bmaj7.
From Parallel Dorian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow IV7 for IVmaj7  for example E7 for Emaj7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow bIImaj7 for IImin7  for example Cmaj7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Phrygian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow bVIImin7 for VIImin7b5  for example Amin7 for Amin7b5.
From Parallel Lydian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow II7 for IImin7  for example C7 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Fmin7 for F7.
From Parallel Mixolydian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow bVIImaj7 for VIImin7b5  for example Amaj7 for Amin7b5.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow Imin7 for Imaj7  for example Bmin7 for Bmaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow IImin7b5 for IImin7  for example Cmin7b5 for Cmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow bIIImaj7 for IIImin7  for example Dmaj7 for Dmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow IVmin7 for IVmaj7  for example Emin7 for Emaj7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow Vmin7 for V7  for example Fmin7 for F7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow bVImaj7 for VImin7  for example Gmaj7 for Gmin7.
From Parallel Aeolian  In the key of B major you can substitute or borrow bVII7 for VIImin7b5  for example A7 for Amin7b5.