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ARTIST: Joe Satriani
Pitch axis theory connects scales or modes via an unchanging bass note.
Used by classical composers including Wagner and Stravinsky as well as
modern guitarists Joe Satriani and Steve Vai, the technique creates
dramatic harmonic color changes while maintaining a stable root. The
effect is created by keeping the bass note constant while the mode
above it changes, producing the sensation of moving through distant
keys while remaining anchored to a single pitch center.
The first track on Satriani's first album Not of This Earth demonstrates
pitch axis theory with a pedal note of E and four bars with a mode change
on each bar: E Lydian — E Aeolian — E Lydian — E Mixolydian. Expressed
as parent keys this is B Major — G Major — B Major — A Major — a large
leap from B Major with five sharps to G Major with one sharp and back,
then two steps around the circle of fifths to A Major with three sharps.
The modal sequence is Lydian — Aeolian — Lydian — Mixolydian.
Steve Vai uses pitch axis theory in The Riddle with the modal sequence
E Lydian — E Lydian augmented — E Mixolydian — E Lydian. The parent
keys are B Major — B Melodic Minor — A Major — B Major.
Pitch axis theory in practice produces the following documented sequences
over a static bass note. Satriani on Not of This Earth over E:
Lydian — Aeolian — Lydian — Mixolydian. Vai on The Riddle over E:
Lydian — Lydian augmented — Mixolydian — Lydian. Bach over a dominant
pedal: Mixolydian — Phrygian Major — Harmonic Major — Dominant sharp 2
— Double Harmonic. Over a constant A bass using the Modal Method:
A Dorian — A Melodic — A Dorian sharp 4 — A Neapolitan Major —
A Phrygian sharp 4. The technique works because modes sharing a common
root create tension through harmonic contrast while the static bass
provides continuity and resolution.